 |
| St. Teresa and her director, St. John of the Cross |
The
Holy Father recently spoke these words to the students of the Teresianum in
Rome: “As she has never failed to do, again today the Church continues to recommend the practice of spiritual direction,
not only to all those who wish to follow the Lord up close, but to every Christian who wishes to live
responsibly his baptism, that is, the new life in Christ. Everyone, in fact, and in a particular way all those who have
received the divine call to a closer following, needs to be supported personally by a sure guide in doctrine and
expert in the things of God. A guide can help defend oneself from facile
subjectivist interpretations, making available his own supply of knowledge and
experiences in following Jesus. [Spiritual direction] is a matter of
establishing that same personal relationship that the Lord had with his
disciples, that special bond with which he led them, following him, to embrace
the will of the Father (cf. Luke 22:42), that is, to embrace the cross.” (read
the full text here)
It
would seem that Pope Benedict XVI believes that every Christian adult must
avail himself of spiritual direction in order to reach perfection in Christ.
Certainly, this would come as a surprise to many, since there are relatively
few Catholic faithful (even among the most devout) who regularly engage in
spiritual direction. Indeed, we must admit that, if every Catholic were to seek
formal spiritual direction, there would hardly be enough priests and other
spiritual persons to serve as directors! Even if every priest were as devoted
as St. John Vianney, I doubt that there would be enough time for him to offer
personal formal spiritual direction to each and every member of his flock.
Still,
the Holy Father has spoke and we must seek to understand the meaning of his
words. Are we to conclude that spiritual direction is for all Christians? What
sort of direction? And how much is needed?
The necessity of spiritual direction
In
this matter, we will refer to the great modern doctor of the spiritual life,
Fr. Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange: “Spiritual direction should be numbered among
the exterior means
of sanctification. […] Though it is not an absolutely necessary means for the
sanctification of, souls, direction is the normal means of spiritual progress.
In constituting the Church, Christ willed that the faithful should be
sanctified by submission to the pope and the bishops with respect to external
jurisdiction, and in matters of conscience to confessors, who point out the
means needed in order not to fall back into sin and to make progress in virtue.
“Pope
Leo XIII, (Testem benevolentiae, 22
January 1899) following Cassian and St. Francis de Sales, recalls on this
subject the fact that St. Paul himself received a guide from the Lord. When
Paul was converted, Jesus did not at once reveal His designs to him, but sent
him to Ananias at Damascus to learn what he should do.
“St.
Basil says: ‘Employ all diligence and use the greatest circumspection in
finding a man who may serve you as a very sure guide in the work of leading a
holy life which you wish to undertake. Choose one who knows how to show souls
of good will the straight road toward God.’ He says elsewhere: ‘To believe that
one does not need counsel is great pride.’
“In
his conferences, Cassian says that anyone who relies on his own judgment will
never reach perfection and will not be able to avoid the snares of the devil.
He concludes that the best means to triumph over the most dangerous temptations
is to make them known to a wise counselor who has the grace of state to
enlighten us. In reality, to manifest them to one who has a right to hear them
often suffices to make them disappear.
“St.
Bernard says: ‘He who constitutes himself his own director, becomes the disciple
of a fool.’ And he adds: ‘As far as I am concerned, I declare that it is easier
and safer for me to command many others than myself alone.’ Our self-love leads
us less astray, in truth, in conducting others than in dealing with ourselves,
and if we knew well how to apply to ourselves what we tell others, we would
make far greater progress.
“We
understand quite well that we need a guide if we intend to climb a mountain. He
is not less necessary for climbing to the summit of spiritual perfection, the
more so as in this ascent we must avoid the snares laid by Satan, who wishes to
prevent us from ascending.
“The
testimony of all these authorities shows clearly the general need of direction.
We shall obtain a clearer idea of this necessity by considering the three
stages of the interior life, or the spiritual needs of beginners, of
proficients, and of the perfect.” (Three
Ages of the Interior Life Part I, Chapter XVII)
Am I holy enough for spiritual
direction?
One
of great problems in the modern approach to spiritual direction is that many
Catholics think that they already need to be well along the path of holiness
before they can profit from spiritual direction. How foolish this is! Who needs
the guide more: The man who is well experienced or the one who is lost?
Moreover, it was for the little ones and the lost sheep that Christ came – let them
now come to him and find profit.
What
is most necessary for spiritual direction is not holiness itself, but the desire for holiness. Just as what is
most necessary for anyone seeking a guide is not that he already know the way
(nor less that he already have accomplished his goal), but simply that he
desire to know the way and be resolute in striving for the goal. To climb the
mountain we need only two things: The will to persevere and a good guide!
Is spiritual direction
really for everybody?
St.
Teresa of Avila insists that spiritual direction is part of the ordinary life
of the Christian – something to which nearly every person should avail
themselves at some point during their journey. In particular, the Church
herself encourages all those who strive for a special perfection in the
spiritual life to entrust themselves to a director – all the faithful are
required to receive some direction in the spiritual life through at least a
yearly confession.
We
all need at least some level of spiritual direction – at the very least, we
need the counsel of a confessor. Spiritual direction is an ordinary part of the
Christian life, something to which we all should avail ourselves at least at
some point of our spiritual journey. However, there are times and circumstances
which demand a more intense and consistent program of direction – this is when
one on one direction becomes truly necessary.
There
are several circumstances which require us to look for spiritual direction: If
we are considering religious life or a vocation to the priesthood; if we are a
priest or a religious; or if we are experiencing supernatural visions or
locutions. There are certainly other cases as well, but these seem to be the
most essential times for direction.
However,
we must also say that spiritual direction can be necessary in a secondary sense
for those who are seeking to grow in holiness in a particular way, especially
for those who are attempting to move into regular contemplative prayer. I say
that spiritual direction is necessary for these persons “in a secondary sense”,
meaning that it is not strictly and absolutely necessary (such that the goal
cannot be reached without direction), but rather it is necessary in the sense
that the goal cannot be attained in as fitting or perfect a manner without a
director.
What to look for in a
director
Indeed,
it seems that it would be better to have no formal direction at all than to
have a bad spiritual director – just as it is better to wander alone with some
limited sight than to be led by the blind. In this regard we point to our
earlier article on this subject.
Here
are the much-abridged thoughts of Fr. Garrigou-Lagrange (taken from the same
place in The Three Ages of the Interior
Life): “St. Francis de Sales says on the subject of a director: ‘He must be
a man of charity, learning, and prudence; if anyone of these three qualities be
wanting in him, there is danger.’
“His
charity ought to be disinterested and to incline him, not to draw hearts to
himself but to lead them to God. The director's charitable kindness should not
be weakness; it should be firm and fearless in speaking the truth in order to
lead souls effectively to goodness. Neither should he lose his time in useless
conversations or letters, but go straight to the point for the good of the
soul.
“In
addition, he should have a knowledge of the spiritual life, be penetrated with
the teachings of the great masters of the interior life, and be a good
psychologist.
“That
the director may be the instrument of the Holy Ghost, he ought prudently to discern
in souls the dominant defect to be avoided and the supernatural attraction to
be followed. For this purpose, he must pray for light, especially in difficult
cases, and, if he is humble, he will receive the graces of state.
“When
he directs generous souls, his prudence must avoid two dangers: that of wishing
to lead all pious souls indiscriminately and rapidly to give themselves to
contemplative prayer, and that of imagining that it is useless to concern
oneself with this question. Here a person must advance neither too slowly nor
too rapidly.”
What if I cannot find a
spiritual director?
To
answer this question, we refer our readers to an
earlier article.
Reginaldus,
ReplyDeleteI read your previous article on what to do if you can't find a suitable director and came away a little perplexed: why do you list only works by modern authors in your list of recommended spiritual reading? Your recommended authors span from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Why no works by the Fathers or the Medievals?
Might the category of doctors of the spiritual life include only moderns because this is a particularly modern category? I ask this as an avid reader of the Fathers and Medievals, but as one not particularly familiar with the modern tradition of spirituality, a category I do not find in the Patristic or Medieval era.
tharmon,
ReplyDeleteYou are right to point out that I only recommended modern authors (i.e. 16th century forward).
In truth, the greatest and most important works are certainly from the earlier periods (both ancient and medieval). The main reason that I recommended the more recent works is that they are generally more approachable for a modern audience. St. Alphonsus, in my own experience, is easier to read as a spiritual guide than St. Augustine (and his Confessions is one of the most overtly spiritual treatises from among the Fathers' writings).
However, for any who would be interested in the earlier and more ancient tradition (which is certainly of great importance for any who would desire to come to a more advanced and intellectually rigorous understanding of the spiritual life), I would recommend the following:
Origen's De Principiis.
St. Athanasius' Life of St. Anthony.
St. Augustine's Confessions, On Christian Doctrine, On the City of God, On the Sermon on the Mount, and his Commentary on John.
Cassian's Conferences (which St. Thomas Aquinas never tired of re-reading).
St. Benedict's Rule.
St. Gregory the Great's Commentary on Job.
St. Basil's Rule, and On the Holy Spirit.
St. Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Moses.
St. Dionysius' On the Divine Names, On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and On Mystical Theology.
Among the medievals:
Richard of St. Victor, Hugh of St. Cher (De vita spirituali), St. Albert the Great, St. Thomas Aquinas (Commentaries on Job and on John and ST II-II, on the virtues and on grace), and St. Bonaventure.
Certainly: St. Catherine of Siena, and others as well.
The list could, of course go on and on.
Athanasius' Life of St. Anthony, Augustine's Confessions, Cassian's Conferences, Benedict's Rule, and Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Moses (it seems to me) deserve special attention.
Peace and blessings to you (and the family)! +
An outstanding list, including some I need to read for the first time, and the rest of which I need to re-read! Thanks for the delightful reminder.
ReplyDeleten.b. I was not clear on the references to St. Thomas Aquinas' spiritual writings ... the whole ST II-II is worth reading, especially the part on the virtues.
ReplyDeleteAdditionally, the treatise on grace from the I-II is of great value.
I would love to find a spiritual director, but I am more than a little gun shy of priests. What's worse, when it comes to "luck", I have none. Consequently, I would happen upon one probably who would do me more harm than good.
ReplyDeleteLeave it to St. Bernard to tell it like it is: "He who constitutes himself his own director, becomes the disciple of a fool." Speaking for myself, that is quite an apt observation.
Veronica
In today's Church it is extremely difficult to find a spiritual director because to make the kind of judgement on a priest's prudence, learning, wisdom,etc. is difficult to ascertain unless one knows the priest personally. You can't just attend Mass and go to confession and ascertain this information.
ReplyDeletePlus this eliminates most young priests just because they do not have the learning or acquired wisdom to direct. You wouldn't trust a critical operation to a doctor who was just a few years out of med school, would you? Then thrown in the fact that most older priests are incredibly busy (as they are usually pastors) and you basically have mission impossible.
It is easier to read spiritual classics like "The Mystical Evolution" by Father Juan Arintero.
Greg Hessel in Arlington Diocese
This is exactly where/what my current discernment prayers have been. My biggest fear maybe that I will not be able to/won't give the practice the time attention it needs to succeed. That's a spiritual weakness. perhaps what seems like a vicious circle is simply my lack of courage. More to pray about.
ReplyDeletethank you.
Just as St Francis De Sales carried a book on his own person by Dom Lorenzo Scupoli called "The Spiritual Combat and a Treatise on Peace of Soul" for 18 years, read from it every day, and recommended it to everyone under his direction, there is also another simple and most excellent book that can be used for spiritual direction in the same way.
ReplyDeleteIt is by Fr Jacques Philippe, and is called "Searching for and Maintaining Peace - A Small Treatise on Peace of Heart".
Books such as these have their greatest benefit if read slowly.
A 3rd excellent book that can be used for Spiritual Direction is by St Francis De Sales himself called, "Introduction to the Devout Life". Most books of direction up until that time were mostly written for religious, but the holy bishop known for his gentleness wrote this one specifically for lay men and women. In it you can see how much he was influenced by Dom Scupoli.
He also wrote letters of spiritual direction extensively and there is a collection of some of these in a book called, "Letters of Spiritual Direction". Half of this book are letters of spiritual direction written by him to others and the other half are letters of spiritual direction written by St Jane De Chantal. This book is one in a series called, "The Classics of Western Spirituality", and can be purchased by itself.
Another very excellent book is "Secrets of the Interior Life" by Luis M Martinez, Archbishop of Mexico.
If unable to find a good spiritual director, God will often lead souls by way of holy books of direction by the saints themselves and are an excellent way to be guided.
The books I listed are excellent for people living in this modern age and who desire to lead a more holy life.
These books can be found on Amazon
Thank you Father for an excellent article. I'm a lay Carmelite, the ancient order, but we are studying St. Teresa of Avila. We had an excellent spiritual director, but he was moved about 100 miles to the center of the diocese. St. Teresa is a great guide, and I also recommend Fr. Scupoli's book, Spiritual Combat. But I must say I would like to find a good Father Director. Let us pray at this time of Easter that we all get excellent spiritual directors, because certainly Our Lord wants us to have one.
ReplyDeleteA humorous thought: what would happen to the poor priests if all of the parishioners who have made their first Penance wanted to go to monthly confession and get a little spiritual direction at the same time, and took 15 minutes each? How many hours would YOUR Pastor be in the confessional? That's about what our Holy Father has said is the baseline for a parish! If only 1000 in our parish did this, the Pastor would be in the confessional about 60 hours a week. God bless you.
Michelangelo
There are many good spiritual directors who are not priests. In the Diocese of Trenton (New Jersey) there are two spiritual centers who have certified many directors after an intensive 3-4 year program. You can learn more at www.fhop.org (Francis House of Prayer) or at dioceseoftrenton.org
ReplyDelete--- A Spiritual Director in Training ---
@Anonymous ("Director in Training" -- May 26, 8:22am),
ReplyDeleteWhile I am not completely opposed to the idea of lay people being directed by other lay people, there are a couple of points I think should be made:
1) Priests ordinarily go to seminary school for 8 years (or at least 4 years). The formation is academic (intellectual), spiritual, pastoral, and also human.
This formation is almost continuous (literally, nearly 24 hours a day 7 days a week) for the whole 8 years.
And, even after all that training, very few priests are truly capable confessors or directors.
Does anybody really think that a 3-4 year program (which is not even live-in) suffices for lay people?
2) After this intense 8 year seminary formation, newly ordained priests work with a more experienced priest for usually at least 2 years. Again, this is a 24/7 formation, as they live with the priest and receive constant guidance.
Is there anything like this for lay spiritual directors? No.
3) The priest's whole life is dedicated to his people (or at least it ought to be) -- he has no family, no other work, no other obligations. But all he does is for the flock.
Even with that, many priests still find it difficult to dedicate the time needed for direction (since prayer for the people outside of actual meeting time is very important).
How can we expect lay people, who have jobs and (perhaps) families, to be truly dedicated and serve as directors of souls?
Are there exceptions? Certainly! Are there lay people who are holier than priests? Many (perhaps most)! Are there even lay people who are more educated in the spiritual life than priests? Some.
But is it at all likely that even the most devout and holy lay person can, after a 3-4 year course, serve effectively as a spiritual director? I doubt it. (though, again, there are certainly some rare exceptions)
For my part ... I can hardly think of a single situation in which I would recommend a lay person to go to another lay person for formal spiritual direction.
Nuns and monks serving as directors is, of course, a different story all together.
Though, personally, I would consider the case of permanent deacons to be pretty much the same as that with lay directors -- rarely would a permanent deacon be capable of serving as a director.
I would never go to a lay person for spiritual direction. They do not have the grace of state to do such a thing, in my opinion. It would be the blind leading the blind.
ReplyDeleteVeronica
I recently finished a wonderful book on this topic: SEEKING SPIRITUAL DIRECTION, HOW TO GROW THE DIVINE LIFE WITHIN BY FR THOMAS DUBAY, S. M.--A guide for Christians who are considering spiritual direction. It's focus is on the qualities to look for in a director, how to find one in this day and age, and ways to develop a deeper prayer life.
ReplyDeleteBy the way, I stumbled upon your wonderful blog site purely by accident and have become a regular reader. I love the topics discussions. God bless. - Bob